a neurotoxin, commonly known as Botox®, used to temporarily relax facial muscles, softening wrinkles and fine lines. It is also approved to reduce bruxism (jaw grinding).

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Botulinum toxin (Xeomin®, Botox®)

Botulinum toxin, shortened to Botox®, is a neurotoxin that is commonly used in cosmetic procedures to reduce the appearance of wrinkles and fine lines. When injected into specific muscles, it temporarily blocks the nerve signals, preventing them from contracting. This relaxation of the targeted muscles smoothes the skin above them, resulting in a more youthful and rejuvenated appearance. Botulinum toxin also acts preventatively by reducing the formation of deeper lines since it decreases the degree of skin creasing during muscle contractions.

What is it used for?

Botulinum toxin treatment is particularly effective in reducing the appearance of dynamic wrinkles, such as crow's feet, frown lines, and forehead lines, which are caused by repeated facial expressions over time. In addition to its cosmetic applications, botulinum toxin can be used for multiple medical purposes. These include treating migraines, excessive sweating (in armpits, palms, and soles), and reducing masseter hypertrophy caused by jaw grinding (bruxism).

Which brand of botulinum toxin do you use?

Botulinum toxin is often known as Botox®. In my practice, I use a bio-similar called Xeomin®. It has the same active ingredient as Botox® and is FDA approved for both cosmetic and medical purposes in New Zealand. Both Xeomin® and Botox® belong to a class of drugs called neurotoxins. I have experience using both Xeomin® and Botox®, as well as other Botulinum toxin Type A formulations in my practice and have achieved similar satisfactory results with all of them. If you prefer the use of the branded product Botox® specifically or an alternative formulation, then please enquire and we can try and arrange this for you.

The difference between Xeomin® and other botulinum toxin A prescriptions lies in its formulation. While all FDA approved products use botulinum toxin type A, Xeomin® is a "naked" formulation. This means it contains only the purified toxin without any additional proteins. It is believed that this could result in a slightly faster onset of action and possibly a lower risk of resistance developing over time. However, it's essential to note that these differences are generally considered minor and may vary based on individual responses.

Xeomin® is a safe and evidence-based option for cosmetic and medical use that provide similar results to other FDA approved botulinum toxin prescriptions.

What is the cost and how many units will I need?

I aim to use the smallest necessary amount to achieve the desired result. The average cost for a common frown treatment is approximately $360, with my rate being $18 per unit. The specific number of units required may vary depending on individual factors, such as facial anatomy and desired outcome, which will be assessed during your consultation. See table for unit averages.

How soon will I notice results?

You may typically start to notice results within 3 to 5 days. However, the full effect may take up to two weeks. Once the muscle becomes relaxed there is no reversible agent other than waiting for the effect to wear off which may take weeks to months. This is why I like to start slow with lower dosages and recommend a follow-up appointment in 2 weeks to see if adjustments are necessary.

How long will it last and will anyone notice?

The treatment is minimally invasive, requires no downtime, and its effects typically last for 4-6 months. The goal is to achieve a natural-looking outcome by selectively targeting specific muscles while preserving your ability to make facial expressions. I will carefully adjust the dosage, using only the smallest amount necessary to achieve a balanced and subtle result as if you've just returned from a relaxing holiday.

Will I end-up with a frozen face?

It is important to understand that the occurrence of frozen faces or unusual facial expressions can result from over-treatment or inadequate understanding of the underlying anatomy. However, this can be easily avoided by ensuring precise and conservative use of botulinum toxin. I will carefully assess your unique facial features and apply small, targeted amounts of the treatment to preserve natural facial expressions. This approach allows for effective wrinkle reduction while maintaining your ability to display a full range of facial expressions.

Is it safe to use?

Botulinum toxin injectables have been widely used for cosmetic and medical purposes for many years, and when administered by a qualified professional, it is considered a safe procedure. It is a purified form of botulinum toxin, specifically botulinum toxin type A. This neurotoxin is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. The toxin is carefully extracted, purified, and then diluted for medical and cosmetic use. It has been extensively researched and approved by regulatory authorities for various applications. Although it is not recommended to be given to pregnant or breastfeeding women and certain autoimmune medical conditions, this will be discussed during your consultation.

Are there complications I should know about?

Serious complications are extremely rare when administered by a qualified professional. Less serious complications you might experience are;

• Bruising or bleeding at the injection site: Mild bruising can occur after injections, but it typically resolves quickly.

• Temporary muscle weakness: Temporary weakness or drooping of nearby muscles if it spreads beyond the intended treatment area. This effect is usually temporary and resolves as the botulinum toxin wears off.

• Headache or flu-like symptoms: Some individuals may experience mild headaches or flu-like symptoms following treatment, but these are usually temporary.

• Allergic reactions: Although rare, some people may experience an allergic reaction to botulinum toxin, which can manifest as itching, rash, or difficulty breathing.

Anti-wrinkle treatment

Migraine treatment

Excessive underarm sweating

Bruxism (jaw grinding) treatment

Dermal Filler

Hyaluronic acid dermal filler is a cosmetic injectable used to enhance and restore volume to various areas of the face. It is derived from a naturally occurring substance called hyaluronic acid, which is found in the skin, joints, and other connective tissues of the body. When injected into the skin, hyaluronic acid dermal fillers provide a temporary volumising effect, reducing the appearance of wrinkles, fine lines, and sagging skin. They can also be used to augment the lips and add definition to facial contours. Hyaluronic acid dermal fillers are favored by many because they are biocompatible and tend to produce natural-looking results. The effects of the filler typically last for several months, after which time additional treatments may be required to maintain the desired outcome.

What can be achieved with filler?

Hyaluronic acid dermal fillers can be used to add volume and contour specific areas of the face, such as the cheeks, lips, chin and jawline. By strategically injecting the filler, particularly around the cheeks, jawline, and brows, it is possible to reduce the appearance of sagging or drooping skin. This subtle lift can help restore youthful contours, and reduce the appearance of jowls, and folds around the nose and mouth. The filler can also smooth out wrinkles and fine lines, particularly around the mouth and cheeks, reducing their visibility. Additionally, dermal fillers can address hollow areas under the eyes or in the temples, restoring a more rejuvenated and refreshed look. With the correct technique it is possible to enhance facial symmetry, define facial features, and achieve a more harmonious overall appearance. Overall, the use of dermal fillers provides a versatile tool to address various cosmetic concerns and achieve natural-looking results.

How much does it cost?

The cost will depend on the amount of filler needed with minimum cost being typically around $750 for 1 ml of filler, which is usually the least amount needed to augment the lips or cheeks.

The exact amount will be determined at your consultation which depends on the specific areas being treated and the extent of enhancement desired. For example, addressing the jawline, chin, or sagging skin may require more filler compared to lip or cheek augmentation. In many cases, it is recommended to start with smaller amounts of filler and gradually build upon the product over time. This approach allows for a more controlled and natural-looking outcome. Injecting all the filler at once may not be the ideal strategy, as it can result in an overfilled or unnatural appearance.

During your consultation, we will assess your goals, discuss the recommended amount of filler, including any potential additional sessions or touch-ups that may be required for optimal outcomes, to provide you with an accurate cost estimate based on your specific needs and desired results.

Is it safe, what are possible complications?

Hyaluronic acid dermal fillers are generally considered safe when administered by a qualified and experienced healthcare professional. However, like any medical procedure, there are potential risks and complications involved. Some of the possible complications include:

• Bruising and swelling: It is common to experience temporary bruising and swelling at the injection site. These effects usually subside within a few days.

• Redness and discomfort: Some individuals may experience mild redness, tenderness, or discomfort at the injection site. These symptoms are usually temporary.

• Allergic reactions: While rare, allergic reactions to hyaluronic acid fillers can occur. Signs may include itching, hives, or swelling. If you have a known allergy to hyaluronic acid or any components of the filler, it is important to inform your healthcare provider beforehand.

• Infection: Although uncommon, there is a risk of infection at the injection site. Proper sterile techniques can minimise this risk.

• Lump formation or uneven results: In some cases, the filler may form lumps or result in uneven distribution, causing an asymmetrical appearance. This can usually be corrected with additional treatment or adjustments.

• Vascular complications: In rare cases, the filler can inadvertently be injected into a blood vessel, leading to complications such as tissue damage or vision loss. This risk is minimised by having an experienced injector who is knowledgeable about facial anatomy.

Is it reversible ?

Yes, one of the advantages of hyaluronic acid dermal fillers is that they are reversible. Unlike some other types of fillers, which are permanent or long-lasting, hyaluronic acid fillers can be reversed if desired. This is because hyaluronic acid is a naturally occurring substance in the body and can be broken down over time. If you are unhappy with the results or experience any complications after receiving hyaluronic acid filler injections, an enzyme called hyaluronidase can be injected into the treated area. Hyaluronidase works by breaking down the hyaluronic acid filler, allowing it to be absorbed by the body more quickly. This procedure effectively reverses the effects of the filler, restoring the treated area to its pre-treatment state. It is important to note that the use of hyaluronidase should be performed by a trained healthcare professional to ensure safety and optimal results. Reversal with hyaluronidase may not be necessary or advisable in all cases, so it is essential to consult with your healthcare provider to discuss your concerns and determine the best course of action.

Deoxycholic acid treatment, is a non-surgical procedure designed to target and reduce submental fat, commonly known as a double-chin. It is a naturally occurring molecule that aids in the breakdown and absorption of dietary fat.

How does it work?

Deoxycholic acid disrupts the cell membrane of fat cells, causing them to break down and be naturally eliminated by the body's metabolic processes. When injected into the submental fat, it selectively targets fat cells, leading to a reduction in the appearance of a double-chin over time.

Is It Permanent?

Once the fat cells are destroyed, they typically do not regenerate, providing a permanent reduction in submental fat. However, maintenance treatments may be required to maintain the desired results.

How many treatments will I need?

Usually at least 2 treatments are required, spaced 6-8 weeks apart for significant results. The number of sessions needed varies (typically 2-6) based on individual goals and the amount of submental fat present. After the initial treatment series, some individuals may opt for occasional touch-up sessions to maintain their results over time.

What can I expect right after the procedure?

Swelling in the double-chin area is expected, indicating fat cell breakdown. This swelling may continue to increase until day 2 and can persist for up to two weeks. Additionally, there might be a visible bruise or needle mark, lasting approximately a week. During the healing process, the treated area may feel firm, numb, lumpy and wobbly. This is a normal part of recovery. Typically, it takes 6-8 weeks for the area to settle completely.

Are there any risks ?

Numbness in the treated region is a common occurrence, gradually improving over several months, typically without causing discomfort. In rare instances a nerve in the jaw can be temporarily affected, resulting in an uneven smile, but always resolved over several months. Extremely infrequently, individuals have reported issues like trouble swallowing, skin ulcers, and damage to deeper structures and are minimised if done by a trained professional.

Double-chin permanent reduction

Microneedling

Microneedling is a minimally invasive cosmetic procedure that involves using a handheld device containing tiny needles to create controlled micro-injuries on the skin's surface. These micro-injuries stimulate the production of collagen by triggering the body's natural ability to heal (the healing cascade) which research has shown promotes skin rejuvenation and improves its texture.

What is it used for and is it safe?

Microneedling is commonly used to address various skin concerns, such as fine lines, wrinkles, acne scars, uneven skin tone, and enlarged pores. When performed by a trained professional, microneedling is generally considered safe, although mild redness and swelling may occur temporarily after the treatment. A topical anaesthetic is applied prior to treatment and the needle depth can be adjusted to ensure your comfort. The expected results of microneedling include smoother and firmer skin, reduced wrinkles, improved overall skin tone, and enhanced absorption of topical skincare products.

Can I get Microneedling done instead of botulinum toxin or dermal filler to improve my skin?

While microneedling can provide noticeable improvements in skin quality, it may not be as effective as botulinum toxin and dermal fillers in creating lift and softening deep wrinkles. These injectable treatments target muscle activity and volume loss, respectively, to achieve more dramatic and immediate results in those specific areas. However, combining microneedling with other treatments, such as botox and fillers, can yield complementary benefits for a comprehensive facial rejuvenation approach. During your consultation we will determine the most suitable treatment plan based on your individual needs and desired outcomes.

Is it painful and are there side-effects?

Some people may experience mild discomfort or a sensation similar to light pricking or scratching. However, a topical numbing cream can be applied before the procedure to minimise any discomfort. The depth of the needles used can be adjusted to ensure your comfort, as deeper treatments may cause more sensation. Overall, the discomfort is generally tolerable for most individuals.

Immediately after microneedling, it is common to experience redness and mild swelling, similar to a sunburn-like effect, which typically subsides within a day or two. Some individuals may also experience temporary skin sensitivity, dryness, or flaking in the treated area. These side effects are generally mild and resolve on their own within a week.

In rare cases, more serious side effects such as infection, scarring, or pigment changes may occur, but these are extremely uncommon when the procedure is performed by a trained professional using sterile techniques. It is essential to follow post-treatment instructions provided by the practitioner and avoid direct sun exposure and harsh skincare products to minimise the risk of complications and ensure a smooth recovery.

How many sessions are required?

The number of sessions required for microneedling can vary depending on individual factors such as the specific skin concerns being addressed, the severity of those concerns, and the desired level of improvement. Typically, a series of three to six sessions, spaced about four to six weeks apart, is recommended for optimal results. However, an estimate of number of sessions can be discussed during the consultation where we will assess your skin condition and provide personalised recommendations. It is important to note that some improvements can be noticeable after just one session, but for more significant and long-lasting results, multiple sessions are often recommended to maximise the benefits of microneedling.

Skin Booster (Profhilo ®)

Profhilo® is classified as a bio-remodeling or bio-rejuvenation treatment because it works by stimulating the body's own natural processes of collagen production. It contains a high concentration of hyaluronic acid, which is a substance naturally found in the skin that helps to maintain its hydration and firmness.

Unlike traditional dermal fillers, which are used to add volume to specific areas of the face, Profhilo® is injected into specific points to distribute the hyaluronic acid evenly across the face, neck or body. This is done through a series of small injections in the deeper layers of the skin. The treatment aims to improve skin quality, hydration, and overall firmness, rather than targeting specific wrinkles or lines.

Profhilo® is known for its unique formulation, which allows it to spread and integrate within the skin tissue. This property helps to provide a more natural and subtle rejuvenation effect. The treatment typically requires two treatments, spaced about four weeks apart, to achieve optimal results. The effects of Profhilo® can last for several months, and maintenance treatments may be recommended to sustain the results.

Who can have Profhilo® done?

Profhilo® treatment is generally suitable for a wide range of individuals looking to improve their skin quality and hydration.

Typically, good candidates for Profhilo® treatment include:

• Individuals with early signs of skin aging, such as fine lines and loss of skin elasticity.

• People with dry or dehydrated skin who desire improved skin hydration.

• Those seeking overall skin rejuvenation and improvement in skin texture.

• Patients with sagging or lax skin who want to achieve a subtle lifting effect.

• Individuals looking for a natural and non-surgical approach to skin rejuvenation.

However, there are certain conditions and situations that may make someone unsuitable for Profhilo® treatment, including:

• Pregnancy or breastfeeding: It is generally not recommended to undergo aesthetic treatments during these periods.

• Active skin infections or inflammations in the treatment area.

• Some autoimmune disorders or other medical conditions that affect the immune system.

What parts of the body can Profhilo ® treatment be used to improve skin quality?

A single treatment can target one area anywhere on the face or body. Most common areas are the face and neck. But the décolletage, back of hands, abdomen, and above the knees can also be addressed to enhance skin quality if needed.

Does it hurt?

The pain experienced during a Profhilo® treatment can vary from person to person. It is generally considered a well-tolerated procedure, but some individuals may experience mild discomfort during the injections. The pain level is often described as minimal, as the treatment uses ultra-fine needles to minimise any discomfort. Additionally, we can use numbing cream to further reduce any potential pain.

Will anyone notice after the procedure?

One of the significant advantages of Profhilo® is that it typically involves minimal downtime. Since it focuses on overall skin rejuvenation and doesn't involve any major tissue trauma or volume addition, the recovery period is generally quite short. After the treatment, you may experience some redness, swelling, or mild bruising at the injection sites, but these side effects are usually mild and temporary. Small, raised, 1cm "lumps" are seen on the skin where the product has been injected. On the face these lumps will disappear within a few hours to a day, and on the neck they may be visible for up to 1-2 days and can be covered with a scarf. Most people can resume their daily activities immediately after the procedure.

What are the risks and potential complications?

Profhilo® is generally very safe, with mild risks like minor bruising, swelling, and redness which is usually temporary. Severe complications are extremely rare such as allergic reactions, infections, and vascular occlusions, when done by a trained medical professional.

What is Profhilo ®?

Chemical Peels

Imagine your skin as a protective blanket that covers your body. Over time, this blanket can get a little worn out and have some imperfections like sunspots, acne, scars, irregular pigment, sun-damage or wrinkles. Chemical peels are safe and effective treatments that help refresh and rejuvenate your skin.

There are three main types of chemical peels: AHA, BHA, and TCA peels. Let's break them down:

AHA Peels

Stands for "Alpha Hydroxy Acid." These peels are made from gentle acids found in fruits like apples and citrus. They work on the surface of your skin and are great for brightening your complexion, smoothing out fine lines, and improving mild discoloration.

Think of AHA peels as little helpers that remove the top layer of the old, tired skin. By doing so, they reveal the fresher, more radiant skin underneath. AHA peels usually cause minimal discomfort and have a shorter recovery time, making them ideal for people with mild skin concerns.

BHA Peels

Stands for "Beta Hydroxy Acid." These peels are perfect for people with oily and acne-prone skin. The main superstar in BHA peels is salicylic acid, which comes from willow tree bark.

BHA peels work deeper into your skin compared to AHA peels. They can unclog your pores, fight against acne-causing bacteria, and reduce inflammation. If you're struggling with acne or have oily skin, BHA peels might be effective for you.

TCA Peels

Stands for "Trichloroacetic Acid." TCA peels are the strongest of the three and penetrate even deeper into your skin. They are usually used to treat more severe skin issues like deep wrinkles, stubborn dark spots, or scars from past injuries.

They cause the top layers to peel off and stimulate the production of collagen—a protein that helps your skin look plump and youthful. While TCA peels can deliver remarkable results, they require more downtime and may cause some temporary discomfort during the procedure.

After any chemical peel, it is vital to protect your "new skin" from the sun by using sunscreen and following post treatment advice.

So, whether you need a little refreshment with an AHA peel, some acne treatment help with a BHA peel, or a powerful reset with a TCA peel, chemical peels can be a fantastic way to improve your skin's appearance and boost your confidence!

Skin Care

Why is skin care important?

Skin care is essential for maintaining healthy, youthful-looking skin and preventing various skin issues. Our skin is the largest organ of the body and serves as a protective barrier against external elements like pollutants, UV rays, and harmful microbes. Adhering to a regular skin care routine can effectively target individual concerns, including acne, wrinkles, and hyperpigmentation. Prioritising good skin care allows you to preserve a healthy skin barrier and attain a radiant, glowing complexion.

What is an optimal skin care routine?

An ideal morning and night skin care routine can be summed up as the ABCs (and E) of skincare, along with the essential steps of cleansing, moisturising, and applying sunscreen.

In what order should I apply them?

• Cleanser

• Serums and Treatments (Vitamin ABC and E)

• Moisturiser

• Sunscreen (in the daytime)

The general rule of thumb is to apply products with thinner consistency first and then move on to thicker textures. Allow each product to absorb fully into the skin before applying the next one. Additionally, wait a few minutes between applying treatments and sunscreen to ensure proper absorption.

Cleansers

Cleansing is a fundamental step in any skincare routine, effectively removing dirt, excess oil, makeup, and environmental pollutants that accumulate on the skin's surface throughout the day. Choosing the right cleanser tailored to your skin type is essential for optimal results. For those with oily or acne-prone skin, gel-based or foaming cleansers are beneficial in controlling sebum production and clearing clogged pores. Conversely, individuals with dry or sensitive skin should opt for gentle, creamy cleansers that cleanse without disrupting the skin's natural oils.

Addressing specific skin concerns can be achieved with cleansers containing Alpha Hydroxy Acids (AHA) or Beta Hydroxy Acid (BHA) which provide exfoliating properties for smoother and brighter skin.

AHAs, like glycolic and lactic acid, gently exfoliate by dissolving dead skin cells and promoting cell turnover, resulting in a smoother and more radiant complexion, and reducing fine lines and wrinkles. They are available in topical products as well as masks and peels.

Salicylic acid, a BHA, effectively penetrates deep into the pores, removing excess oil, debris, and dead skin cells, making it particularly beneficial for acne-prone and oily skin types. Its anti-inflammatory properties help reduce redness and inflammation associated with acne, while preventing future breakouts by unclogging pores and removing impurities. BHA's are also available in skin peel treatments.

For the best results, it is essential to use a cleanser with a slightly acidic pH that matches the skin, as high pH levels can disrupt the skin's lipid bilayers and lead to dehydration, compromising the skin's defense system. Regularly cleansing your skin in the morning and evening allows for better absorption of subsequent skincare products, maximising their benefits, and helps maintain a balanced pH level, crucial for a healthy skin barrier. Finding the right cleanser tailored to your skin's unique needs is paramount for the overall success of your skincare journey.

Vitamin A (Retinol)

Vitamin A, in the form of retinol, is the powerhouse ingredient in skin care with robust evidence backing its efficacy. It aids in cell turnover, encouraging the growth of new, healthy skin cells while sloughing off dead ones. This process not only helps reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles but also addresses concerns such as acne and uneven skin tone. Retinol stimulates collagen production, leading to improved elasticity and firmness. However, it is essential to use retinol products with care, especially for those with sensitive skin, as it can cause irritation if the dose is too strong for your skin. I can provide an assessment of you skin during consultation and advise you on which product to start with and how to build on it.

How do I know which Vitamin A (Retinoid) preparation to use? There are so many types on the market.

The retinoid family includes retinol (the most common form of Vitamin A), retinaldehyde, retinyl esters, and retinoic acids. The first three can be bought over the counter, while retinoic acid can only come in prescription form. Among them, retinoic acid is the only biologically 'active' compound that affects cell growth and brings about changes in the skin. It is scientifically proven that retinoic acid stimulates cellular metabolism and increases the synthesis of essential compounds like collagen. All the other retinoid family derivatives are 'inactive' compounds and require the body to convert them into the active retinoic acid form before offering these benefits. This conversion takes time and is what makes these 'inactive' derivatives take longer to 'work'. However, they offer treatment with lower risk of side-effects such as skin irritation.

Vitamin A is widely available in different preparations. There are three main categories: over-the-counter, medical grade, and prescription strength, each varying in potency. Over-the-counter products typically contain lower levels of retinol or retinyl esters, like retinyl palmitate. They are less irritating and take longer to produce noticeable benefits. Over time, they slowly convert retinol into the active retinoic acid. These are suitable for beginners or those with sensitive skin, and results can be seen within 12 months of consistent use.

Medical grade retinol or retinyl esters are stronger than over-the-counter versions but milder than prescription-strength. They range from 0.01% to 1% strength and can be obtained from doctor's offices or medical clinics without a prescription. Medical grade products also convert retinol into retinoic acid, but the concentration is lower, and they are often combined with other beneficial ingredients like antioxidants, peptides and emollients. This reduces the risk of irritation and dryness. Results with medical grade retinol can be observed within 3-6 months.

Prescription strength retinoids, available by doctor's prescription only, are the most potent option. Retinoic acid, such as tretinoin, works more quickly than retinol since no conversion is required within the skin. However, it is strong and can cause irritation, so a gradual introduction is recommended. It is crucial to note that there may be potential risks associated with using this medication if you are pregnant or planning to become pregnant. Therefore, it is strongly advised to consult with a doctor before starting or continuing this treatment. Topically, they are typically prescribed at a dosage of 0.05% tretinoin (Retrieve) or 0.1% adapalene (Differin). Results can be seen within 8-12 weeks.

Isotretinoin, an oral medication, is another prescription option used for severe acne and requires close monitoring by a doctor.

Vitamin B (Niacinamide)

Niacinamide, also known as Vitamin B3, is a water-soluble vitamin with numerous skin benefits. One of its effects is inhibiting the transfer of melanin within skin cells. Melanin is responsible for our skin, hair, and eye color, and it is produced by melanocytes and transferred to keratinocytes, providing protection against harmful UV radiation. However, in conditions like hyperpigmentation or melasma, melanin distribution becomes uneven, leading to dark spots and discoloration.

Moreover, niacinamide possesses anti-inflammatory properties that soothe and calm irritated skin, making it an excellent choice for acne-prone or sensitive skin. Additionally, it regulates sebum production, reducing excess oiliness, and minimises the appearance of pores.

Niacinamide also enhances the skin's barrier function, helping it retain moisture and increase its resilience against environmental stressors. With its versatility and skin benefits, niacinamide is a valuable addition to skincare routines.

Vitamin C (L-Ascorbic acid)

Vitamin C is known for its antioxidant properties and its ability to brighten the complexion and promote even skin tone. It is believed to reduce hyperpigmentation (irregular skin pigment) by inhibiting excess melanin formation and reducing the appearance of oxidised melanin. It is also thought to stimulate collagen synthesis, leading to improved skin firmness and reduced fine lines. However, further research is needed to determine whether it can effectively reach the deeper layers of the skin to fully realise these benefits. Even though there is uncertainty regarding its efficacy, one can pick a product line which ads Vitamin C to other beneficial vitamins to avoid buying multiple products.

Vitamin E (Tocopherol)

Vitamin E is another antioxidant in the realm of skin care. Vitamin E is essential for maintaining healthy skin, as it helps to protect the skin from oxidative stress caused by UV radiation and other environmental factors. Additionally, it is a strong inhibitor of melanin, making it effective in reducing hyperpigmentation and promoting even skin tone.

Moisturisers

Moisturisers play a vital role in maintaining healthy skin by preventing water loss and keeping the skin hydrated. Hydrated skin appears plump, luminescent and elastic which helps the skin to look young and fresh. They help maintain the skin's natural moisture barrier, protecting it from external aggressors and maintaining its suppleness. Well hydrated skin also prevents dermatitis causing itching and inflammation. Choose a moisturiser that suits your skin type—whether it's dry, oily, or combination—and consider one with additional beneficial ingredients like hyaluronic acid or ceramides for added hydration and nourishment.

Sunscreen

The most crucial step in any skin care routine. It shields the skin from harmful UV rays, preventing sunburn, premature aging, and the risk of skin cancer. Broad-spectrum sunscreens should be used daily, even on cloudy days, as UV rays can penetrate clouds. Choose a sunscreen with an SPF of at least 30, and make sure it offers protection against both UVA and UVB rays. Re-apply every two hours when spending time outdoors.

Physical and chemical sunscreens are two different types of sun-protective products designed to shield the skin from harmful UV rays. Physical sunscreens, also known as mineral sunscreens, contain active ingredients like zinc oxide or titanium dioxide that work by creating a physical barrier on the skin's surface. Physical sunscreens are gentle, suitable for sensitive skin, and offer immediate protection upon application. On the other hand, chemical sunscreens contain organic compounds like avobenzone, octinoxate, or oxybenzone. Both absorb UV rays and convert them into less harmful heat energy. The main difference between the two types are that chemical sunscreens are typically more lightweight and easily blend into the skin, making them preferred for everyday use and under makeup. However, some individuals with sensitive skin may experience irritation from certain chemical sunscreen ingredients.

In conclusion, a well-designed skin care routine that includes key vitamins (A, B, C, and E) and protective measures such as sunscreen and moisturisers is crucial for healthy, glowing skin. Be consistent with your routine, and remember that each person's skin is unique, so it may take some trial and error to find the products that work best for you. I can help you select what is right for your skin. With proper care, you can achieve and maintain a radiant and healthy complexion.

Enquiry

Botox® is a Prescription Medicine containing 100 units of botulinum toxin type A for injection. It is used for the treatment of frown lines, forehead lines and crow’s feet. It should be administered only by trained medical professionals. Talk to your specialist about the benefits/risks of this procedure in appearance medicine. Cautions: People with defective neuro-muscular transmission disorders, infection at site of injection, glaucoma, pregnancy and lactation. Possible side effects include headaches, pain, burning/stinging, bruising, swelling or redness at the injection site, local muscle weakness including drooping eyelids/eyebrows, swollen eyelids, skin tightness, tingling sensations, itchiness, nausea and flu like symptoms. If you have any side effects or concerns speak to your doctor. You will need to pay for this medicine. Normal Doctors visit fees apply. Note: BOTOX® treatment lasts about four months and after this time further courses of treatment may be necessary. Speak to your specialist about your own situation

Profhilo ®, containing low & high molecular weight hyaluronic acid, is a Class III medical device for the treatment of the face and body for contours redefinition and laxity remodelling where skin laxity is a problem. Profhilo has risks and benefits. Do not use with treatments such a laser resurfacing or medium deep skin-peeling. Do not inject into inflamed areas or intravenously or intramuscularly. Possible side effects: pain and swelling at injection site. Accelagen Pty. Ltd.

Xeomin ® (Incobotulinumtoxin A) 50, 100 Units is a Prescription Medicine. Indications: In adults, for the treatment of cervical dystonia; blepharospasm; spasticity of the upper limb; upper facial lines: glabellar frown lines, lateral periorbital lines (crow’s feet), horizontal forehead lines. Xeomin has both risks and benefits, consult your doctor if Xeomin is right for you. Further information on the risks and benefits of Xeomin can be found in the Consumer Medicine Information (CMI) available from www.medsafe.govt.nz or by calling 0800 822 310. Use strictly as directed. If symptoms continue or you have side effects, see your doctor, pharmacist or health care professional. Common side effects include: Headaches; nausea; tenderness, swelling, redness, numbness or bruising of the skin; dry eye; heavy feeling of eyelid/eyebrow/forehead; face/brow not symmetrical, dropping eyelids/eyebrows. Serious side effects are rare and include allergic reactions. Xeomin is an unfunded medicine, prescription charge will apply. Normal doctor charges will still apply. Copyright © 2020. Pharmacy Retailing NZ Limited t/a Health Care Logistics (HCL). 58 Richard Pearse Drive, Mangere, Auckland 2022 All rights reserved. Xeomin ® and Merz Aesthetics are registered trademarks of Merz Pharma GMbH & Co. KGaA